When people talk about klotho, they usually mean α-klotho, and specifically the soluble fragment of α-klotho that is secreted by cells to circulate in the body. Researchers have demonstrated in animal studies that high levels of α-klotho slow aging to extend life while low levels accelerate aging to shorten life. In humans, higher circulating levels of α-klotho correlate with a lower risk of age-related disease and longer life expectancy, and vice versa. Enumerating the mechanisms by which α-klotho affects the pace of aging, and determining which are more or less important than the others, remains a work in progress. The research noted here is an example of this ongoing work, and is focused on the effects that α-klotho has on muscle tissue.
Muscle wasting and weakness are important clinical problems that impact quality of life and health span by restricting mobility and independence, and by increasing the risk for physical disability. The molecular basis for this has not been fully determined. Klotho expression is downregulated in conditions associated with muscle wasting, including aging, chronic kidney disease, and myopathy. The objective of this study was to investigate a mechanistic role for Klotho in regulating muscle wasting and weakness.
Body weight, lean mass, muscle mass, and myofiber caliber were reduced in Klotho-deficient mice. In the tibialis anterior muscle of Klotho null mice, type IIa myofibers were resistant to changes in size, and muscle composition differed with a higher concentration of type IIb fibers to the detriment of type IIx fibers. Glycolytic enzymatic activity also increased. The composition of the soleus muscle was unaffected and myofiber caliber was reduced comparably in type I, IIa, and IIx fibers. Muscle contractile function declined in Klotho-deficient mice, as evidenced by reduced absolute twitch and torque, and decreased rates of contraction and relaxation.
RNA-sequencing analysis identified increased transcriptional expression of synaptic and fetal sarcomeric genes, which prompted us to test effects on muscle innervation. Klotho-deficiency induced morphological remodeling of the neuromuscular junction, myofiber denervation, and a functional loss of motor units. Loss of motor units correlated with absolute torque. Collectively, our findings have uncovered a novel mechanism through which Klotho-deficiency leads to alterations to the muscle synapse affecting motor unit connectivity that likely influences muscle wasting and weakness.
Trending Products
